First off, are you sure they're phone jacks? Telephone uses an RJ-11 connector, while ethernet (Data) uses an rj-45. They look very similar, except an RJ-11 is narrower and uses a max of 2 twisted pair, with one being the 'Tip' and the other being the 'Ring' . (2 wires pairs are typically red(Ring) & green (Tip); black (Tip) & yellow (Ring)). Ethernet uses 4 pairs (blue & blue/white; orange and orange/white; Green & Green/White; Brown & Brown/White).
Whether it is an RJ-11 for Phone, or Rj-45 for Data, there would typically be a means to get the signal from the outside world, onto the internal network (yes a POTS system (Plain Old Telephone System) is a rudimentary network).
There would typically be a either a corresponding jack up in the cockpit or within something that looks like a shorepower connector (until you open it and see Either/AND an rj-11, rj-45 or Coaxial connector for TV, voice, and data respectively. Some marinas will offer phone, data, and tv to connect from the dock to the boat.
Possibly this person had a Sat. Phone setup or a Satellite antennae and ran the signal via Ethernet. If it were me, I'd do the following:
1) Confirm whether it is an RJ-11, or an RJ-45.
2) Start following the wiring. (You might need a "Toner" to do this)
Best of luck.
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